OBM Geriatrics is an Open Access journal published quarterly online by LIDSEN Publishing Inc. The journal takes the premise that innovative approaches – including gene therapy, cell therapy, and epigenetic modulation – will result in clinical interventions that alter the fundamental pathology and the clinical course of age-related human diseases. We will give strong preference to papers that emphasize an alteration (or a potential alteration) in the fundamental disease course of Alzheimer’s disease, vascular aging diseases, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, skin aging, immune senescence, and other age-related diseases.

Geriatric medicine is now entering a unique point in history, where the focus will no longer be on palliative, ameliorative, or social aspects of care for age-related disease, but will be capable of stopping, preventing, and reversing major disease constellations that have heretofore been entirely resistant to interventions based on “small molecular” pharmacological approaches. With the changing emphasis from genetic to epigenetic understandings of pathology (including telomere biology), with the use of gene delivery systems (including viral delivery systems), and with the use of cell-based therapies (including stem cell therapies), a fatalistic view of age-related disease is no longer a reasonable clinical default nor an appropriate clinical research paradigm.

Precedence will be given to papers describing fundamental interventions, including interventions that affect cell senescence, patterns of gene expression, telomere biology, stem cell biology, and other innovative, 21st century interventions, especially if the focus is on clinical applications, ongoing clinical trials, or animal trials preparatory to phase 1 human clinical trials.

Papers must be clear and concise, but detailed data is strongly encouraged. The journal publishes a variety of article types (Original Research, Review, Communication, Opinion, Comment, Conference Report, Technical Note, Book Review, etc.). There is no restriction on the length of the papers and we encourage scientists to publish their results in as much detail as possible.

Publication Speed (median values for papers published in 2023): Submission to First Decision: 5.7 weeks; Submission to Acceptance: 17.9 weeks; Acceptance to Publication: 7 days (1-2 days of FREE language polishing included)

Current Issue: 2024  Archive: 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017
Open Access Review

Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Art in Care of Ageing Society: Focus on Dementia

Tracy Harwood 1, John Maltby 2, Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska 2, 3, *

1. Institute of Creative Technologies, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK

2. Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

3. The Evington Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester LE5 4QF, UK

Correspondence: Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska

Academic Editor: James S. Powers

Special Issue: Models of Caregiver Support

Received: March 28, 2019 | Accepted: July 11, 2019 | Published: July 15, 2019

OBM Geriatrics 2019, Volume 3, Issue 3, doi:10.21926/obm.geriatr.1903062

Recommended citation: Harwood T, Maltby J, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Art in Care of Ageing Society: Focus on Dementia. OBM Geriatrics 2019; 3(3): 062; doi:10.21926/obm.geriatr.1903062.

© 2019 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is correctly cited.

Abstract

Background: Art enhances both physical and mental health wellbeing. The health benefits include reduction in blood pressure, heart rate, pain perception and briefer inpatient stays, as well as improvement of communication skills and self-esteem. In addition to these, people living with dementia benefit from reduction of their non-cognitive, behavioural changes, enhancement of their cognitive capacities and being socially active.

Methods: The current study represents a narrative general literature review on available studies and knowledge about contribution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in creative arts.

Results: We review AI visual arts technologies, and their potential for use among people with dementia and care, drawing on similar experiences to date from traditional art in dementia care.

Conclusion: The virtual reality, installations and the psychedelic properties of the AI created art provide a new venue for more detailed research about its therapeutic use in dementia.

Keywords

Dementia; ageing; carers; technology; artificial intelligence; art

1. Introduction

There is growing evidence of arts as a tool for enhancing mental health wellbeing. Active engagement with arts enables people to demonstrate their creativity, engage in the direct process of art development, appreciation and interactions. In addition, a number of benefits in terms of reducing distress among children and adolescents [1], improving emotional state i.e., depression and anxiety in both younger [2,3] and older adults [3,4,5], improvement in negative symptoms of schizophrenia [6], social cohesion in people with both psychotic and non-psychotic mental problems [7], enhancing sleep quality among older people [8], as well as improvement in interpersonal relatedness, hopefulness and gratification for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder [9] and self-esteem [3,10] have all been demonstrated.

2. Art Therapy in Dementia Care

There is some research evidence for arts therapy, efficacy and as such the uptake of arts as a medium for care and self-care in dementia is discussed and put forward, not least because of its relative low cost and minimal risk [11]. Art appears to reduce anxiety and confusion, improve generation of old term memories and emotion regulation, explore cognitions, and increase the overall wellbeing of people with dementia [11]. It is, thus, not surprising that art therapy is now considered as one of the non-pharmacological treatments for dementia, and in some countries even prescribed under the National Health Service, as is the case in Canada.

Though the recent Cochrane review showed low efficacy of art therapy for people with dementia, this is because the findings were based on low quality studies [12], in contrast to high quality studies [i.e., Randomised Control Trials (RCT) and/or longitudinal studies using good psychometric measures] that show emerging efficacy. Thus, in two recent RCT studies, older people with mild cognitive impairment at risk to develop Alzheimer’s disease who were allocated to creative expression therapy showed significantly higher performance in several cognitive domains than patients receiving standard cognitive training. These included general cognitive functioning, memory, executive function, functional status, and everyday living ability and these improvements were maintained at the 6-month [13] and 9-month [14] follow-up. Similar benefits in terms of improving vitality and quality of life were achieved in an earlier RCT trial of art therapy for people with mild Alzheimer’s Disease [15]. In another study, conducted among people with mild to severe dementia and living in both 24-hours (i.e., residential care homes and a county hospital) and community dwellings, Windle et al (2017) reported significant improvement in quality of life during the first 3-month follow-up, highlighting the benefits of art activities and the potential for creative aging within dementia care [16]. Similarly, multi-dimensional mental health benefits were described in a 13-week sculpture art-based therapy (2 hours/week) involving people with moderate to severe dementia [Mini Mental State Examination scores 0-18/30] who lived in nursing homes. In this study, remarkable improvements in mental state and concentration, self-reliance, self-esteem and physicality were seen in the sculptural activity dementia group (n=6), but not the control group (n=6) [17]. Larger studies on more divergent groups of people with memory problems are now needed to expand on these findings and validate them further prior routine use of art therapy in the treatment and management of people with dementia, both living independently and/or in 24-hours care.

3. Art-Centred Activities for Dementia

Art museums have now opened their doors to people with dementia and provide art-centred activities for both people living with dementia and their carers. The positive experience of the offered art tours and classes appear to be dependent on the museum space itself, the facilitation process, and socialization with other participants [18], with the well-being benefits experienced both by people with dementia and their carers equally from traditional and contemporary art gallery sites [16,19,20,21], with carers reporting reduced carer’s burden [19]. The investigation of museum/art stimulation programs for people with dementia requires a more rigorous validation of the assessment methods for them to be considered as a nonpharmacological intervention for this population, as suggested recently via the proposed ‘Artwork effect’ paradigm, which is in accordance to the personhood model [22].

Although subjective participants’ experiences of these interventions are in the domains of positive emotional and cognitive experiences, reduced isolation and built social networks [23] only lately is there evidence from randomised control trials about objective benefits of such interventions among people with dementia. Thus, the ARTEMIS (ART Encounters: Museum Intervention Study), an art-based intervention consisting of a combination of museum visits and artistic activity for both people with dementia and their carers/partners, reported improvements in participants' self-rated quality of life, and a significant positive change of emotional well-being immediately after each of the museum sessions. These improvements were also accompanied by decline in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) scores in several domains, including affective (depression and anxiety) and apathy subscales [24]. What is potentially important about these two findings is a revaluation of mental health themes identified.

The above two studies [23,24] present evidence of two powerful mental health outcomes around the way that mental health is conceptualised: hedonic and eudaimonic well-being [25]. Schall et al [24] identify depression and anxiety outcomes from interventions. These are popular assessments of well-being (such as those used in primary and secondary care situations), that fall into a hedonic well-being domain. This domain assesses specific positive and negative emotion within a particularly short timeframe. However, Flatt et al [23] in identifying concepts such as feelings of autonomy, mastery or control, having a sense of importance accepted, or acceptance, are finding evidence of effects of eudaimonic well-being. Eudaimonic well-being involves individual development through engagement with the challenges within life, concentrating on issues of meaning and self-reflection. This idea has huge pedigree in psychology and this type of well-being been singled out as a protective resilient factor for promoting positive health and life factors across the life-span and into old age [26].

Similarly, museum settings with historically authentic environments that recreated the material and cultural context of participants' youth provoked more autobiographical memories, and these memories were more elaborated, detailed and spontaneous, compared to the memories evoked in a control condition [27]. However, a cross-sectional observational Dutch study highlights that offered museum programmes need to be adapted to the degree of dementia, since art appreciation and responsiveness appears to be related to the severity of dementia, specific cognitive impairments and also to the type of artworks [28]. Thus, people with more advanced dementia responded less to art than those with milder impairments, whereas people at early to middle stage dementia showed larger positive increases in wellbeing [29,30].

The type of artwork also appears to have a different impact upon the enjoyment of artwork. Thus, artworks containing more natural elements revealed less interaction with others, in contrast to artefacts i.e., objects not originally meant as artworks, evoking more reactions than the artworks per sé [28], suggesting that imaginary unreal art presentations are not only well received by people with dementia, but cause more curiosity and interactions than the traditional forms of art.

The above studies have provided valuable information about the appreciation of art by people with dementia. The data to date confirms that modern art is appreciated by people with dementia and, in fact, the art that stimulates creativity and fantasy seems to be much more appreciated and caused interest among people with dementia. In the era of digital technologies, the exposure to an algorithm-created digital art is becoming a reality. These digitally psychedelic and fantasmorganic images may well trigger unexpected emotional responses and interactions, and contribute to changing neuronal network dynamics, whilst enhancing fantasies, facilitating memories and communications.

4. What is Artificial Intelligence?

Automation and accompanying technologies have been embraced by artists throughout centuries. It is, thus, not surprising that most recent technological evolvements in the form of artificial intelligence have been added to the growing list of art-making techniques, enabling artists to combine creative processes with digital innovations.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) comprises an assemblage of technological advancements that appear to simulate human intelligence (Figure 1). Most recent AI technology extends to machines having the capacity to learn [31], to sense, reason and take action to detect, deliberate and develop on its own to determine the attributes in a dataset that are predictive [32].

Whilst AIs are advancing at a rapid pace, it is the humanistic perspective of AI that enables researchers to ask questions of the ethical guidelines that shape its evolution. Common questions such as ‘how much autonomy should a machine have?’ and ‘what level of decision-making power should a machine have?’ are increasingly being asked. Organizations such as UNESCO are calling for policy and standards that put human-centred design that addresses social value and inequalities in all forms at the heart of its development.

Figure 1 Types of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and their progression. A narrow AI is used as decision-support tool with a focussed application, albeit a potentially broad range of operations that it may be applied to [i.e., workflow planning and optimization, fraud detection, error reduction, connected machines, automated (e.g., vision-based) problem identification, cybersecurity, health diagnosis]. Within expert systems it may be used to support case-based reasoning, responding using speech synthesis, natural language generation, robot automation and systems control through computer apps (e.g., application interfaces). General and Super AIs are many years from application, sometimes referred to as ‘theory of mind’ and ‘self-aware’ AIs [33]. A general AI (Artificial General Intelligence or AGI) can perform at the same level as a human and is the goal of AI development. AGIs should also have the abilities to acquire knowledge in real time, understand language, remember interactions and relate them to context, use knowledge to accelerate learning, manage conflicting goals and priorities, respond to human emotion, and do all this in a context with limited knowledge such as may reflect real world problems [34,35,36]. Super AIs (Artificial Super Intelligence or ASI) extend beyond this to achieve what is not humanly possible. These AIs and the ‘intelligences’ implied by the descriptions represent a broad evolution of the computer science discipline. Modified after Girardi E, in http://www.girablog.com/artificial-intelligence-art-ai/.

Expectations for adoption of AI are in a range of services including healthcare, public and consumer facing sectors [37] and its impact is anticipated to be on all types of activities from information and operations management, research and development, supply chain management, marketing and customer services [38]. Incorporated into so-called smart environments, AIs use data gathered from ambient technologies (such as sensors, telecoms networks) to provide sustainable resource efficiencies and provide new insight from complex datasets to stakeholders [39]. A smart context can be almost anything from a home to a service, a community, a neighbourhood or city. Configuration of an environment is unique to stakeholders and/or users - consumers build homes and install a range of physical devices that acquire data, service providers do likewise. AIs learn from datasets generated by the interactions between objects and agents (people, devices) operating within its system boundaries (see [40]). Of significance in a smart environment is for whom it is beneficial, thus the concept of ambient intelligence is a typical user-centric paradigm used to describe the adaptive nature of the context [41]. As computer processing and network capabilities increase, along with the growing number of objects recognized it an environment, so the potential for new services expands exponentially. Examples of smart service environments are in healthcare facilities such as hospital rooms that are being modelled with ambient technologies that assist both patients and medical staff through integrated sensor technologies [42].

5. AI Technology and Art

Tangential to this, an area of interesting application of AI technologies is that of cultural production, where artists use AIs (algorithms) to support collaborations with datasets that produce creative outcomes (Table 1). The AIs are generally trained on some aesthetic data forms such as a corpus of music, painting, poetry or film. Artists use an algorithm to identify some interesting things about the dataset that in various ways they then employ to devise new creative forms. Some (e.g., [43,44]) suggest that the use of AIs as a creative device facilitates a more humanistic approach to understanding the role of the technological advancement because it presents opportunities for a diverse skillset to be involved in new forms of cultural production. Once the domain of trained artists, AI-art can be produced by coders and those without traditional talent in music notation, instrumentation, drawing or scriptwriting competencies to become creators. In effect, the AI becomes the paintbrush.

By way of example, the image in Figure 2 is a screen capture of an interactive moving art installation (exhibited during the Art AI Festival in Leicester, May 2019) that combines the viewer’s facial characteristics with images from a vast database of historic European portraiture. The artist has trained an AI to match and create a unique image for each viewer using facial recognition technology, and each image created is also ‘memorized’ to inform subsequent viewers’ experiences, thereby expanding the database. The image created, however, is never repeated.

Table 1 Examples of computational creativity.

Figure 2 Interstitial Space 2019 at Art AI Festival, Leicester (Klingemann). Image used with permission, copyright retained by the artist.

In general, the artworks produced via AI appear to be neither aesthetically nor conceptually rich enough to hold the attention of art experts for long. In the words of Theo Triantafyllidis (an AI artist) ‘… (the) state-of-the-art AI today is somewhere between a really clumsy child and a really smart pet’. Even artwork produced with the generative Adversarial Networks software, known as GANs, share similar characteristics of surreal distortions that are now referred to as the ‘Francis Bacon effect’ (Barratt; Klingemann).

Interestingly, similar distortions in proportion and perspective, as well as defects in spatial organization, lack of individual characteristics in depicting subjects, as well as increasing trend in photographic realism are also noted in the work of artists with dementia [45], who had Alzheimer’s disease [46,47,48] and Lewy Body, Fronto-temporal lobe and/or Vascular dementias [49]. In a recent pilot study conducted by our group (EBM-L and TH, unpublished data) people with dementia, their carers and professionals had very similar attitudes towards conventional and AI generated art. They recognised correctly the AI generated art in 90% of cases, with people with memory problems correctly identifying the AI generated art. Only two (0.125%) of the Memory Clinic Service users (≈ 1,600 in total over 3 weeks duration) complained about distorted, static images (i.e., images resembling melting faces, joint faces showing 3 eyes), finding them distressing in relation to some of the artwork presented. An AI installation that showed different types of more abstract and psychedelic moving images (see Figure 3) was received well, and kept the attention of viewers for longer, despite its repetitive nature (sequence repeated every 3 minutes throughout the day, 9am-5pm).

Figure 3 Neural Synthesis, exhibited at Art AI Festival 2019, Leicester (Kogan). Image used with permission, copyright retained by the artist.

The relaxing, calming effects of the AI installation were highlighted by 35% (6 out of 17) of the service users and participants in the study. This is the first evidence that older people with and without memory problems respond well to new technological art advances. This per sѐ is encouraging enough to consider the possible therapeutic implications of these novel art forms for people with dementia.

6. Conclusions

The technological advances are redesigning modern healthcare: from AI algorithms able to mine medical records, design treatment plans, find novel therapies from a database of molecular structures and repositioning existing drugs, to generating virtual and augmented reality experiences. These advances have not bypassed the dementia healthcare: they have contributed to improving dementia diagnostic accuracy [50], estimate dementia risk factors [51], inform about dementia prognosis [52], as well as determine (non)pharmacological management [53] of people with dementia. However, the implementation of technology driven dementia care raises concerns, starting from ethical and regulatory frameworks, lack of clear guidance on development and use of AI applications, their integration in both clinical practice and training of healthcare professionals. Are the current clinical services under threat to be replaced by these novel technologies? What about responsibilities towards and supervision of service users and medical practitioners? What is the potential for misuse of technology if used to replace established services? Similarly, patients’ autonomy and long-term effects of these applications on understanding illnesses and management remain areas of concern (reviewed in [54]).

Technological advances have contributed to a wide range of products and services available to people with dementia to live independently, including telecare and assistive technology. A recent study found that the acceptability, utility, usability, and efficacy of the technology were evaluated as positive among people with dementia and their carers [55], improving their quality of life, reducing healthcare costs, premature institutional care [56] and augmenting and support their social interactions [57]. In addition, they also mitigate the mental and physical burden of dementia caregivers [58].

Many applications have been specifically designed for people with dementia and their carers in mind, such as games, digital photobooks, reminiscence aids. Virtual reality programmes and environments including avatars are the latest advances in this field, all providing easily accessible and cost-effective dementia management [59] and even diagnostic solutions [60]. Some of the virtual reality programmes contain creative activities that can be experienced in a ‘real-time’ context, for example, using one’s fingers to sculpt an object, pottery and then paint objects with a selection of patterns [61].

Interestingly, older people with and without memory problems have not reported negative attitudes towards using technological advances, thus making their use in both clinical and home/community environments encouraging and acceptable. Art being one of the essential forms of appreciation of beauty, and a powerful tool to evoke old memories and enhance communication is enjoyed by people with dementia, and the use of digital technology can not only enable continuation of this enjoyment, but also facilitate a person with dementia to be an integral figure in the process of interactive appreciation. This is particularly so with the creation of virtual galleries enhanced with digitally created AI art forms that enable a person to actively take part in the art presentation and be able to adapt the exhibits and display environment according to one’s own interests, imagination, creativity, and/or interpretation of exhibits/events.

The role of culture and creative arts is recognized as being essential for social care of older people, particularly in care homes where people can become isolated and excluded from society [62]. The Mental Health Foundation (2011) [63] found that people who participated in visual arts, dance, theatre and drama, music and storytelling benefitted through improved wellbeing through increased self-confidence, sense of accomplishment, cognitive and physical function, enjoyment of life, memory and creative thinking. In extending the evidence base, Age Cymru (2017) [64] conducted a large-scale evaluation of culture and arts related activities in 122 care homes across Wales involving residents, staff and artist practitioners. Their analysis found significant improvement in wellbeing and contributed to the inquiry report of the newly formed All Party Parliamentary Group on Arts, Health and Wellbeing (2017) [65].

The full potential of AI art in dementia care, in the light of its aesthetic diversity and conceptual richness, remains to be explored and determined. Although the above AI technologies provide a promising approach for the overall management of people with dementia, they also call for further research to address both their beneficial performance and potential harmful behaviours as a result of machine learning systems when wrong objective function(s) are specified (i.e., change and anomaly detection, hypothesis testing, transfer learning etc.) [66]. This also calls for broader ethical and societal concerns for their use among people who may have difficulties making some or all decisions about their lives. The development of ethical guidance, thus, remains a high-priority area [54].

The novel opportunities of experiences with AI technologies are exciting regarding further stimulating senses, improving communication and overall enjoyment, besides being both educational and entertaining. In addition, the psychedelic experiences AI art technology offers may also have an additional impact on neuronal network dynamics of people with dementia, in terms of modifying their personality, reducing anxiety and depression, as well as anti-inflammatory processes [67] and increasing functional connectivity in both subcortical [68], and cortical areas [69] as shown in studies using psychedelic drugs. If this is the case, AI art may provide an avenue for novel art-based neurobiological interventions for treatment and management of both cognitive and behavioral symptoms in people with dementia. With advancements in the technology for creative interventions, such aesthetic creative technologies may even have potential to be customized in real-time, reflecting the hyper-personal needs and interests of individual people living with dementia, i.e., people with dementia and their carers creating their own AI art, based on familiar images, such as photos of familiar places and faces, as well as important events from one’s life, and be also able to modify the content. However, we should not forget the potential limitations of AI technologies, including considerations/ ethics of treatment/ management and how these are managed in terms of direction/ control of treatment that everyday practitioners need to be aware of, and how to install these sets of rules into AI technologies.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr Joern Steinert, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester for useful comments on a previous version of the manuscript.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, TW and EBM-L; Methodology, TH, JM, and EBM-L; Investigation, TH. JM and EBM-L; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, TH and EBM-L; Writing – Review & Editing, TH, JM and EBM-L.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References

  1. Nielsen F,Isobel S,Starling J. Evaluating the use of responsive art therapyin an inpatient child and adolescent mental health services unit. Australas Psychiatry. 2019; 27: 165-170. [CrossRef]
  2. Chandraiah S, Anand AS, Avent LC.Efficacy of group art therapy on depressive symptoms in adult heterogeneous psychiatric outpatients.Art Ther. 2012;29: 80-86. [CrossRef]
  3. Abbing A,Ponstein A,van Hooren S,de Sonneville L,Swaab H,Baars E. The effectiveness ofart therapyfor anxiety in adults: A systematic review of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. PLoS One.2018; 13: e0208716. [CrossRef]
  4. Ching-Teng Y,Ya-Ping Y,Yu-Chia C. Positive effects of art therapyon depression and self-esteem of older adults in nursing homes. Soc Work Health Care.2019; 58: 324-338. [CrossRef]
  5. Rawtaer I, Mahendran R, Yu J, Fam J, Feng L, Kua EH. Psychosocial interventions with art, music, Tai Chi and mindfulness for subsyndromal depression and anxiety in older adults: A naturalistic study in Singapore. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2015; 7: 240-250. [CrossRef]
  6. Richardson P, Jones K, Evans C, Stevens P, Rowe A.Exploratory RCT of art therapy as an adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia.J Ment Health. 2007;16: 483-491. [CrossRef]
  7. Wang S, Agius M. The use of music therapy in the treatment of mentalillness and the enhancement of societal wellbeing. Psychiatr Danub.2018; 30: 595-600.
  8. Rawtaer I, Mahendran R, Chan HY, Lei F, Kua EH. A nonpharmacological approach to improve sleep quality in older adults. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2018; 10: e12301. [CrossRef]
  9. Berberian M, Walker MS, Kaimal G. 'Master My Demons':Art therapymontage paintings by active-duty military service members with traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress. Med Humanit. 2018; pii: medhum-2018-011493.
  10. Pérez-Sáez E, Cabrero-Montes EM, Llorente-Cano M, González-Ingelmo E. A pilot study on the impact of a pottery workshop on the well-being of people with dementia. Dementia (London). 2018; 27: 1471301218814634. [CrossRef]
  11. Schneider J. The Arts as a Medium for Care and Self-Care in Dementia: Arguments and Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15: 1151. [CrossRef]
  12. Deshmukh SR, Holmes J, Cardno A. Art therapy for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 9: CD011073. [CrossRef]
  13. Zhao J,Li H,Lin R,Wei Y,Yang A. Effects of creative expression therapy for older adults with mild cognitive impairment at risk of Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Interv Aging.2018; 13: 1313-1320. [CrossRef]
  14. Mahendran R, Gandhi M, Moorakonda RB, Wong J, Kanchi MM, Fam J, et al. Art therapy is associated with sustained improvement in cognitive function in the elderly with mild neurocognitive disorder: Findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial for art therapy and music reminiscence activity versus usual care. Trials. 2018; 19: 615. [CrossRef]
  15. Hattori H, Hattori C, Hokao C, Mizushima K, Mase T. Controlled study on the cognitive and psychological effect of coloring and drawing in mild Alzheimer's disease patients.Geriatr Gerontol Int.2011; 11: 431-437. [CrossRef]
  16. Windle G, Joling KJ, Howson-Griffiths T, Woods B, Jones CH, van de Ven PM, et al. The impact of a visual arts program on quality of life, communication, and well-being of people living with dementia: A mixed-methods longitudinal investigation.Int Psychogeriatr. 2018; 30: 409-423. [CrossRef]
  17. Seifert K, Spottke A, Fliessbach K. Effects of sculpture based art therapy in dementia patients-A pilot study. Heliyon. 2017; 3: e00460. [CrossRef]
  18. Burnside LD, Knecht MJ, Hopley EK, Logsdon RG. here:now - Conceptual model of the impact of an experiential arts program on persons withdementiaand their care partners. Dementia(London). 2017; 16: 29-45. [CrossRef]
  19. Camic PM, Tischler V, Pearman CH. Viewing and making art together: A multi-session art-gallery-based intervention for people with dementia and their carers. Aging Ment Health. 2014; 18: 161-168. [CrossRef]
  20. Selberg S. Modern art as public care: Alzheimer's and the aesthetics of universal personhood. Med Anthropol Q. 2015; 29: 473-491. [CrossRef]
  21. Johnson J, Culverwell A, Hulbert S, Robertson M, Camic PM. Museum activities in dementia care: Using visual analog scales to measure subjective wellbeing. Dementia (London). 2017; 16: 591-610. [CrossRef]
  22. Pigliautile M, Ragni S, Longo A, Bartorelli L, Mecocci P. The "Artwork Effect" paradigm: A model for planning and assessing cognitive stimulation for people with dementia through museum visits. Dementia (London). 2018: 1471301218814638. [CrossRef]
  23. Flatt JD, Liptak A, Oakley MA, Gogan J, Varner T, Lingler JH. Subjective experiences of an art museum engagement activity for persons with early-stage Alzheimer's disease and their family caregivers. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2015; 30: 380-389. [CrossRef]
  24. Schall A,Tesky VA,Adams AK,Pantel J. Art museum-based intervention to promote emotional well-being and improve quality of life in people with dementia: The ARTEMIS project. Dementia (London). 2018; 17: 728-743. [CrossRef]
  25. Keyes CLM, Shmotkin D, Ryff CD. Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002; 82: 1007-1022. [CrossRef]
  26. Ryff CD. Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychother Psychosom. 2014; 83: 10-28. [CrossRef]
  27. Miles AN, Fischer-Mogensen L, Nielsen NH, Hermansen S, Berntsen D. Turning back the hands of time: Autobiographical memories in dementia cued by amuseum setting. Conscious Cogn. 2013; 22: 1074-1081. [CrossRef]
  28. Hendriks I,Meiland FJM,Slotwinska K,Kroeze R,Weinstein H,Gerritsen DL,et al. How do people with dementia respond to different types of art? An explorative study into interactive museum programs. Int Psychogeriatr. 2018; 1-12. [CrossRef]
  29. Camic PM, Hulbert S, Kimmel J. Museumobject handling: A health-promoting community-based activity for dementia care. J Health Psychol.2017: 1359105316685899. [CrossRef]
  30. Johnson J, Culverwell A, Hulbert S, Robertson M, Camic PM. Museum activities in dementia care: Using visual analog scales to measure subjective wellbeing. Dementia(London). 2017; 16: 591-610. [CrossRef]
  31. McCarthy J, Minsky M, Rochester N, Shannon C. A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence: August 31, 1955. AI Magazine. 2006; 27. Available from: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html (accessed 19 July 2019).
  32. Sterne J. Artificial Intelligence for marketing: Practical applications. USA: Wiley; 2017. [CrossRef]
  33. Hintz A. Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. Conversation; 2016. Available from: http://theconversation.com/understanding-the-four-types-of-ai-from-reactive-robots-to-self-aware-beings-67616 (accessed 18 July 2018).
  34. Voss P. Essentials of general intelligence: The direct path to artificial general intelligence. Artif Gen Intel. 2007; 131-157. [CrossRef]
  35. Voss P. From narrow to general AI. Medium. 2017. Available from: https://medium.com/intuitionmachine/from-narrow-to-general-ai-e21b568155b9 (accessed 12 June 2019).
  36. Goertzel B. Artificial General Intelligence. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2007. [CrossRef]
  37. Ransbotham S, Kiron D, Gerbert, P, Reeves M. Reshaping business with artificial intelligence. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Sloan Management Review Research Report and Boston Consulting Group; 2017; 59181.
  38. Wirtz J, Patterson P, Kunz W, Gruber T, Lu VN, Paluch S, et al. Service robots in the front line: Will it be a brave new world. J Serv Manage. 2018; 29: 907-931. [CrossRef]
  39. Salguero A, Espinilla M. Ubiquitous computing and ambient intelligence. Cham: Springer; 2017. pp. 381-393. [CrossRef]
  40. Restrepo SE, Pezoa JE, Naeini MR. A model for optimal service allocation in a smart environment. PMC. 2017; 42: 45-57. [CrossRef]
  41. Augusto JC, Nakashima H, Aghajan H. Handbook of ambient intelligence and smart environments. Boston: Springer; 2010. pp. 3-31. [CrossRef]
  42. Kartakis S, Sakkalis V, Tourlakis P, Zacharioudakis G, Stephanidis C. Enhancing health care delivery through ambient intelligence applications. Sensors (Basel). 2012; 12: 11435-11450. [CrossRef]
  43. Fjeld J. Artificial intelligence and creativity, UNESCO. 2019. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJe5ilCDZHA&list=PLWuYED1WVJIOH_a83AluOObuLqVZqvg53&index=5&t=0s (accessed 4 Mar 2019).
  44. Elliott L. State of the Art, Art-AI Festival. Phoenix, Leicester; 2018.
  45. Cipriani G, Cipriani L, Danti S, Picchi L, Di Fiorino M. Links between painting and neurology: The example of dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2019; 34: 217-222. [CrossRef]
  46. Marcus EL,Kaufman Y,Cohen-Shalev A. Creative work of painters with Alzheimer's disease. Harefuah.2009; 148: 548-553, 570.
  47. Cummings JL, Zarit JM. Probable Alzheimer's disease in an artist. JAMA. 1987; 258: 2731-2734. [CrossRef]
  48. Maurer K, Prvulovic D. Paintings of an artist with Alzheimer's disease: Visuoconstructural deficits during dementia. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2004; 111: 235-245. [CrossRef]
  49. Gretton C, ffytche DH. Art and the brain: a view from dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014; 29: 111-126. [CrossRef]
  50. Brzezicki MA,Kobetić MD,Neumann S,Pennington C. Diagnostic accuracy of frontotemporal dementia. An artificial intelligence-powered study of symptoms, imaging and clinical judgement. Adv Med Sci.2019; 64: 292-302. [CrossRef]
  51. Casanova R, Barnard RT, Gaussoin SA, Saldana S, Hayden KM, Manson JE, et al. Using high-dimensional machine learning methods to estimate an anatomical risk factor for Alzheimer's disease across imaging databases. Neuroimage. 2018; 183: 401-411. [CrossRef]
  52. Dallora AL, Eivazzadeh S, Mendes E, Berglund J, Anderberg P. Machine learning and microsimulation techniques on the prognosis of dementia: A systematic literature review. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0179804. [CrossRef]
  53. Climent MT, Pardo J, Muñoz-Almaraz FJ, Guerrero MD, Moreno L. Decision tree for early detection of cognitive impairment by community pharmacists. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 1232. [CrossRef]
  54. Fiske A, Henningsen P, Buyx A. Your robot therapist will see you now: Ethical implications of embodied artificial intelligence in psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. J Med Internet Res. 2019; 21: e13216. [CrossRef]
  55. Cavallo F, Aquilano M, Arvati M. An ambient assisted living approach in designing domiciliary services combined with innovative technologies for patients With Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2015; 30: 69-77. [CrossRef]
  56. D'Onofrio G, Sancarlo D, Ricciardi F, Panza F, Seripa D, Cavallo F, et al. Information and communication technologies for the activities of daily living in older patients with dementia: A systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 57: 927-935. [CrossRef]
  57. Lustig TA, Cilio CM. Artificial intelligence applications for older adults and people with disabilities: Balancing safety and autonomy: Proceedings of a workshop—in brief. Washington: National Academies Press; 2019. [CrossRef]
  58. Klimova B, Kuca K, Maresova P. Alzheimer's disease: Special focus on the efficacy of computer-based training programs - a mini-review. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2018; 15: 1213-1219. [CrossRef]
  59. O'Connor MF, Arizmendi BJ, Kaszniak AW. Virtually supportive: A feasibility pilot study of an online support group for dementia caregivers in a 3D virtual environment. J Aging Stud. 2014; 30: 87-93. [CrossRef]
  60. Tanaka H, Adachi H, Ukita N, Ikeda M, Kazui H, Kudo T, et al. Detecting dementia through interactive computer avatars. IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med. 2017; 5: 2200111. [CrossRef]
  61. Gowans G, Dye R, Alm N, Vaughan P, Astell A, Ellis M. Designing the interface between dementia patients, caregivers and computer-based intervention. Design J. 2007; 10: 12-23. [CrossRef]
  62. Green M, Iparraguirre J, Davidson S, Rossall P, Zaidi A. A summary of Age UK’s index of wellbeing in later life. Available from: http://www.ageuk.org.uk/documents/en-gb/for-professionals/research/ageuk-wellbeing-index-summary-web.pdf?dtrk=true (accessed 4 March 2019).
  63. Mental Health Foundation. Creative homes: How the arts can contribute to quality of life in residential care. London: Baring Foundation; 2011. Available from: http://www.baringfoudation.org.uk/creativecarehomes.pdf (accessed 4 March 2019).
  64. Age Cymru. Creating artists in residents. Available from: www.agecymru.org.uk/cARTrefu/ (accessed 4 March 2019).
  65. All Party Parliamentary Group on Arts, Health and Wellbeing; 2017. Available from: http://www.artshealthandwellbeing.org.uk/appg-inquiry/Publications/Creative_Health_Inquiry_Report_2017_-_Second_Edition.pdf (assessed 4 March 2019).
  66. Amodei D, Chris Olah C, Steinhardt J, Christiano P, Schulman J, Manѐ D. Concrete Problems in AI Safety. arXiv: 1606.06565v2 [cs.AI] 2016.
  67. Nichols DE, Johnson MW, Nichols CD. Psychedelics as medicines: An emerging new paradigm. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017; 101: 209-219. [CrossRef]
  68. Müller F, Liechti ME, Lang UE, Borgwardt S. Advances and challenges in neuroimaging studies on the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens: Contributions of the resting brain. Prog Brain Res. 2018; 242: 159-177. [CrossRef]
  69. Tagliazucchi E, Roseman L, Kaelen M, Orban C, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Murphy K, et al. Increased global functional connectivity correlates with LSD-Induced ego dissolution. Curr Biol. 2016; 26: 1043-1050. [CrossRef]
Newsletter
Download PDF Download Citation
0 0

TOP