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Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research

(ISSN 2766-6190)

Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research (AEER) is an international peer-reviewed Open Access journal published quarterly online by LIDSEN Publishing Inc. This periodical is devoted to publishing high-quality peer-reviewed papers that describe the most significant and cutting-edge research in all areas of environmental science and engineering. Work at any scale, from molecular biology through to ecology, is welcomed.

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Current Issue: 2024  Archive: 2023 2022 2021 2020
Open Access Original Research

Non-Woven Tissues as Novel Cosmetic Carriers for a Green Beauty

Pierfrancesco Morganti 1,*, Gianluca Morganti 2, Maria Beatrice Coltelli 3, Wladimir E Yudin 4, Hong-Duo Chen 5, Alessandro Gagliardini 6

  1. R&D Unit, Academy of History of Healthcare Art, Rome, Italy and Department of Dermatology, China Medical Q University, Shenyang, China

  2. ISCD Nanoscience Center, Rome, Italy

  3. Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

  4. Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia

  5. Department of Dermatology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lab of Immunodermatology, National Health Commission, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China

  6. R&D Unit, Texol Srl, Alanno (Pescara), Italy

* Correspondence: Pierfrancesco Morganti

Academic Editor: Wendy M. Purcell

Special Issue: Sustainable Development and the Environment

Received: March 16, 2022 | Accepted: May 04, 2022 | Published: May 23, 2022

Adv Environ Eng Res 2022, Volume 3, Issue 2, doi:10.21926/aeer.2202021

Recommended citation: Morganti P, Morganti G, Coltelli MB, Yudin WE, Chen HD, Gagliardini A. Non-Woven Tissues as Novel Cosmetic Carriers for a Green Beauty. Adv Environ Eng Res 2022; 3(2): 021; doi:10.21926/aeer.2202021.

© 2022 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is correctly cited.

Abstract

Approximately 75% of textile waste is generated annually worldwide, as there is a dearth of viable recycling strategies. It has been estimated that textile industries can be responsible for approximately 20% of global water pollution. As a consequence, if not properly managed, the cost of waste management of textile waste will be trillions of dollars annually. Moreover, the generated wastes are detrimental to the environment and public health. On the other hand, there is a possibility that the majority of the waste can be recycled to obtain, for example, natural polysaccharides that can be used to produce biodegradable tissues, films, and goods. These innovative tissues, constituted by chitin nanofibrils (CN) complexed with nanolignin (LG) bound to natural polysaccharide-based polymers, may be used as innovative cosmetic green carriers and novel biodegradable food packaging in line with the consumers requests. Consumers, in fact, are looking for biodegradable apparel, footwear, and natural cosmetics for the betterment of health and the environment, and thus, there is a demand for green cosmetics.

Keywords

Dressings; surgical masks; textiles; cosmetics; polysaccharides; polymers; chitin nanofibrils; nanolignin; green economy; greenhouse gas; skin aging

1. Introduction

“Textile & Fashion industry releases in the environment about the same quantity of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions per year as the entire economies of France, Germany, and the UK combined”, accounting for 10% of the global emissions. The amount of GHG released into the environment by the textile industries exceeds the combined amount of GHG emitted by international flights and maritime ships (Figure 1) [1,2]. Moreover, this industry is responsible for approximately 20% of global water pollution as it releases harmful components into the water bodies in the form of dyes and plastic microfibers [2].

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Figure 1 Green House Gas (GHG) emissions caused by the textile & fashion industries (courtesy: EU).

It has been estimated that 2. 7 billion metric tons of carbon emissions will be generated by 2030 if nothing changes. The scenario, in fact, will remain the same even if the apparel and footwear sectors will decrease their selling quantity by 27 to 30% in 2020 [2,3,4,5]. Another problem is represented from the reported waste.

Approximately 73% of the clothing items produced is sent to landfill or incinerated, and less than 1% of the material used comes from recycled sources [2,3,4,5]. As a consequence, 0. 5 million tons of textile microfibers are released into the ocean, generating a negative impacts on the natural sea environment, the health of marine animals, and the health of humans [6]. This problem can be attributed to the difficulties faced during the process of recycling textiles because, while it is technically feasible to conduct the mechanical methodologies, it is difficult to execute the chemical methods (which are used to separate the different polymers) due to a lack of funds [7,8,9]. However, apparel/footwear products [10,11] and cosmetics [12,13] constitute a large part of consumers’ purchases. It is estimated that the turnaround will be approximately USD 1. 5 trillion and USD 483 billion by 2020, respectively [12,13]. The estimated profit will be approximately USD 1. 39 trillion in the health and wellness-food sector in the 2021-2025 period [14]. This will contribute to the global wellness economy valued at USD 4. 4 trillion in 2020 (Figure 2) [15].

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Figure 2 Global wellness Economy in 2020 (courtesy: GWI [15]).

These products exert high global pressure on the waste management system as plastic materials are used for packaging these products [10,11,12,13,14]. Moreover, other plastic-based tissues are used in the medical field. For example, one-day dressings and masks are used in hospitals to protect doctors and patients from infections [16]. Unfortunately, the majority of these products has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, going into landfills as non-biodegradable waste after one day use only [17]. On the other hand, consumers worldwide wish to make the world a better and plastic-free place to live in, making life more convenient and safe [18]. Thus, the need to modify the current productive linear system in a circular ones, using biodegradable and recyclable materials, for exerting a positive impact on the environment [19]. As a consequence, it is important to produce biodegradable tissues and films from natural polymers extracted from waste materials. These polymers can be used as basic materials to make textiles [20], cosmetic carriers [21], containers, and food-packagings [22]. It is expected that these polymers will be more effective and less harmless for all the Planet’s health. There is, in fact, a growing worldwide awareness of the responsibility of the human race toward the world in which we all are living together with an increasing concern for the preservation of health and the environment.

2. Natural Polysaccharides as Carriers and Packaging Materials

Polysaccharides, present in 99% of the plants, are composed of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds. The chains contain aldehydes, ketones, and numerous hydroxyl groups (Figure 3), while the natural polymers are of various types. They, in fact, exhibit different properties, differing for molecular weight, molecules organization (branched or linear), and the types of functional hydrophilic groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, and sulfate [23].

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Figure 3 Structure of polysaccharides.

Therefore, polysaccharides can entrap and load different active ingredients, showing an interesting mucous-adhesiveness. This can be attributed to the presence of the different functional groups easily bound to the mucous membranes via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions [23,24,25]. Thus mucoadhesion allows prolonged retention at the site of action and helps maintain the process of controlled release. It also helps to increase the availability of active ingredients.

3. Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications

As a consequence of these specific characteristics polysaccharides may be used as natural carriers, and scaffolds for both tissue and mucous regeneration. They, in fact, are non-toxic, hydrophilic, and biodegradable molecules with cell specificity, having the same structure of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) [26,27].

However, these natural polymers are ideally utilized as micro-nano composites that are generally formed by the incorporation of nano-sized molecules inside the bulk materials, such as non-woven tissues and films [28,29]. While on the one hand to verify the size of these materials is a challenge, on the other hand its control is necessary to reach the nano dimension. The higher reactivity of the system, in fact, seems to be attributable to the greater surface area per mass [23]. It is interesting to underline the use of chitin at this juncture. Chitin, the second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose, can be easily obtained in its nano-size form (chitin nanofibrils (CN)). It can be easily blended with other polymers as fillers to improve the mechanical properties of the obtained composites. CN, in fact, acts as a binder and allows the polymers to form a highly dense, durable structure [26,27,28]. Chitin, as a natural, nano-sized polymer, may be used to make micro-nano particles that, encapsulating and protecting different active ingredients, may be used in the medical and cosmetic industry. The obtained micro-nano capsules can be embedded into emulsions or entrapped into the fibers of tissues and films which, made respectively by the electrospinnig or casting technology, may be used [29,30,31] to produce antioxidant cosmeceuticals. Thus, for example, nanofibril-nanolignin(CN-LG) particles might encapsulate vitamins A, E, and C, entrapped int. They can also be used for the fabrication of anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and skin-repairing medical devices by encapsulating glycyrrhizic acid or nanostructured silver [32,33,34]. In this case, the antibacterial effectiveness of the electrospun tissues can be attributed to the CN activity that increases significantly when Ag+ ions are linked to their fibers (Figure 4). The anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and skin-repairing activity recovered, can be attributed to the vitamins A, E, and C encapsulated into CN-LG systems [30,31,32,33]. On the other hand LG increases the skin antioxidant system, thanks to the network of polyphenols, as components of the polymer. Naturally, the presence of the different encapsulated active ingredients, the release of the targets at skin level [34,35], and the cell compatibility and thermal stability (Figure 5) were controlled as well as the mechanical and biocompatible nature of the realized final tissues [29,36,37,38,39].

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Figure 4 Activity of the non-woven tissue entrapping Chitin nanofibrils bound to nanostructured silver (courtesy:[40]).

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Figure 5 Thermal stability and biocompatibility of different active ingredients encapsulated into the CN-LG complex (courtesy: [39]).

Therefore, depending on the designed particles bound on the fibers and the natural polymers selected, these smart tissue/films can be potentially used to prepare innovative biological carriers or biodegradable, sustainable packages [20,21,22].

4. Packaging Applications

There is a growing interest in utilizing the biopolymers and biodegradable natural composites, such as polysaccharides, polylactic acid, and polyhydroxyalkanoates, for the production of green packaging to prepare soft and rigid bioplastic containers [41]. The use of these innovative materials allows us to save the petrol resources and valorize the byproducts obtained from agricultural feedstock and food & textile waste [41]. Unfortunately, the production process of biopolymers is more costly than the conventional fossil fuel-based ones. Thus, the need of further research studies to improve the mechanical properties of the actual systems and facilitate the relative processing methods [22,41,42,43,44,45]

However the recycled fibers, obtained from textile and food waste, can be potentially used to make biodegradable products and packaging, indispensable to reduce the global pollution also. Their derived byproducts, in fact, exert a high impact on the air and water conditions, as they release numerous toxic compounds during their life cycle [41,42,43,44,45].

Therefore the biological use of these biopolymers is of great interest because CN is not only a nano-sized polymer but, as previously reported, is also made of a backbone similar to that present in natural hyaluronic acid, an important component of ECM [36,37] (Figure 6z). ECM forms a three-dimensional network composed of macromolecules, such as collagen, hyaluronic acid, and other reticular fibers, which help generate signals and regulate the processes of cell adhesion, cell functions, and differentiation. Therefore, it is an indispensable component for skin regeneration [46,47,48]. For these reasons, CN has been used to make scaffold tissues for biomedical and cosmetic applications as it exhibits the ability to mimic the skin’s biological and mechanical properties, while LG reinforce the skin antioxidant defenses [20,21,39,49,50,51]. On the other hand, chitin nanofibrils and nanolignin may be also used to make biodegradable and sustainable packaging [52] in the form of soft films (Figure 7) [40,53] or rigid containers as both impart tensile strength and thermal resistance to the composites when used as fillers [54].

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Figure 6 Backbone of CN is similar to the backbone of hyaluronic acid (Courtesy:[52]).

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Figure 7 Soft film made of Chitin nanofibrils (courtesy: [52]).

Analysis of the physicochemical and electropositive characteristics of CN reveals that this polymer can be readily complexed following the gelation ionotropic method using other electronegative polymers, such as hyaluronic acid(HA) and nano-lignin (LG), to form nano-microparticles (PNs)(Figure 8)[54,55,56]. As previously discussed, these PNs may be embedded into emulsions or bound to fibers of tissues and films for making innovative carriers [20,31,33,36,57]. The particles may encapsulate active ingredients, making the tissue/films useful as medical devices or cosmeceuticals. Naturally, the applications of the tissues/films depend on the molecules bound to the fibers or the surface [57,58]. Thus CN, complexed with LG or HA, can potentially act as “active” carriers. This can be attributed to the capacity to load, transport, and release the ingredients. The functions also rely on the ability of the system to function as active compounds that exhibit antioxidant, immunomodulant, and protective properties versus the ultraviolet rays (UV) [56,57,58].

These innovative carriers functionalized by active ingredients, such as hyaluronic acid, collagen peptides, and other selected molecules might act as effective scaffolds that promote the generation of specific signals. For example, hyaluronic acid may regulate the process of cell reproduction and differentiation [59,60,61]. It can help regenerate burned, wounded, or prematurely aged skin [53,55,60,61,62]. It can also help in repairing aged hair [63,64].

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Figure 8 Gelation method used for the fabrication the complexes as the CN-HA complex reported (courtesy:[52]).

In conclusion, polysaccharide-polymers can be potentially used as chitin to make biodegradable tissues and goods that can substitute petrol-derived systems [65,66,67]. It is also interesting to underline that these natural polymers may be obtained from food waste, the treatment of which is a huge problem worldwide. The cost of treating waste is approximately USD 836 billion per year [68]. It should also be highlighted that CN-LG complexes can be obtained from food and agricultural wastes, and these can also function as active carriers. They can be metabolized using human and environmental enzymes to form glucosamine, acetyl glucosamine, glucose, and polyphenols, that are used in cells as food and energy [22,30,45]

5. Conclusions

Tissues and cosmetics form a huge part of the consumer-purchase sector. The production of these materials puts high pressure on the waste management system globally as plastic polymers are used as raw material for the production of these items and packaging. These polymers are formed from non-biodegradable [6] micronanoparticles. These pollute lands and oceans, releasing toxic compounds [68,69,70]. On the other hand, the global population wants to age well. People are more focused on their wealth and appearance [6,71]. Consumers are also concerned about their health and the health of the environment [68,69,70,71]. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the focus on sustainability and planetary environmental changes [72]. Therefore, they are in search of methods that can guarantee personal wellness and planet preservation. This is the reason why recently, consumers have been willing to pay a hefty premium for healthy products [5,61,62,63,64,65,73]. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for skin-and environmentally-friendly apparel and cosmetics made from polymers obtained from waste materials, such as chitin nanofibrils and nanolignin [21,30,37,39,61]. In conclusion, people have well understood that waste, pollution, and ultraviolet light decrease the level of physiological wellness. The use of protective antioxidants results in skin modifications, and fine and coarse wrinkles appear on skins. Dyspigmentation also occurs [48,49,50,62,63,64,65,66,67]. This is the reason behind the increased demand for green beauty-based clothes and cosmetics made of polymers and tissues. Thus, there is increasing demand for natural-derived ingredients and carriers that exhibit dose effectiveness and are safe to use. Consequently, all the materials used to realize these products have to be natural-derived, innovative and well document [12 37,48,74,75,76,77].

For all these reasons, natural polymers, including chitin and lignin, play important roles in the cosmetic/personal care items, food, and biofunctional/textile industries. These materials can be safely used to prepare high-performing comfort products wrapped in biodegradable, plastic-free packages [20,21,22,37,38,39,,61,62,63,64,65,66,67]. Polysaccharides represent a class of biomaterials that mimic the ECM structure. Thus they can be potentially used as nanomicrocarriers for the fabrication of medical and cosmetic tissues. They can also be used to prepare sustainable packages [21,22,23,24,25,26]. Moreover, these innovative tissues find a further potential use as active carriers to formulate skin-and environmentally-friendly cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals that are free of preservatives, emulsifiers, fragrance-imparting compounds, and chemicals [21,38,52,53,54,55,56,57,58]. In conclusion, it is necessary to promote the recycling of materials and use of cosmeceutical-tissues that can be obtained from waste materials at a low cost. The focus should be on the development of biodegradable materials and packages. We aim to study this new category of smart products in the future.

Author Contributions

idea of manuscript PM, GM, HDC; writing original draft PM, GM; Preparation PM, GM, AG; writing-review and editing PM, MBC; supervision WEY, HDC. All the authors have read and agreed to the publishing version of manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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