Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy for Treatment of the Consequences of Ischemic Stroke with Distal Atherosclerotic Lesion

Ivan V. Maksimovich ^*

Clinic of Cardiovascular Diseases named after Most Holy John Tobolsky, Moscow, Russia

* Correspondence: Ivan V. Maksimovich

Academic Editor: Jih-Huah Wu

Special Issue: Photobiomodulation Therapy

Received: July 24, 2021 | Accepted: October 03, 2021 | Published: October 21, 2021

OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine 2021, Volume 6, Issue 4, doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2104036

Recommended citation: Maksimovich IV. Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy for Treatment of the Consequences of Ischemic Stroke with Distal Atherosclerotic Lesion. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine 2021; 6(4): 036; doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2104036.

© 2021 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is correctly cited.

1. Introduction

Ischemic stroke is one of the most common causes of severe disability and death in many countries across the world [1,2,3]. Just the US registers approximately 800 thousand cases of ischemic strokes each year [2,3]. In the acute cases, up to 30% of patients die immediately, while an additional 12%-15% of patients die in the 12 months following the stroke.

The brain requires the most blood among all organs in the human body and has, therefore, a complex system of angioarchitectonics and microcirculation [4,5]. Large arteries deliver blood to the peripheral bed of the brain, while the intracerebral capillary bed plays a key role in the blood supply, oxygenation, and metabolism of neurons [4,5,6,7,8]. The cerebral tissue contains up to 3-4 thousand capillaries per cubic centimeter [9].

The tissues in the brain are extremely sensitive to circulatory disorders and progressing hypoxia, which develop rapidly into ischemia and neurodegenerative processes [5,9,10]. The larger the zone of ischemia and the greater it spreads to the different regions of the brain, the harder is the stroke experienced by the patient.

One of the main causes underlying an ischemic stroke is atherosclerosis, which is a systemic disease that affects both extracranial and intracerebral arteries, arterioles, and capillaries [4,5,8,11,12,13]. Approximately 9.33% of the cases of atherosclerotic lesions are of the extracranial type, 46.19% of the cases are of the mixed type, and 44.53% of the cases are of the intracranial type [4].

As the ischemic processes progress, in addition to the arterial and capillary beds playing important roles in the blood supply, the collateral bed plays the role of allowing the blood to flow to the ischemic regions of the brain from the other unaffected vascular regions [4,9]. The development of the collateral blood supply in the human brain is directly dependent on the level of the angiogenesis activity, which, in turn, stimulates the neurogenesis and regeneration processes in the cerebral tissue [5,14,15,16,17]. The collateral blood supply usually develops as age progresses. Therefore, older patients with naturally developed collateral blood supply exhibit rapid progression of ischemic strokes compared to the younger patients with yet-to-be-developed developed collateral blood supply [1,4,18].

Conservative methods of treating ischemic stroke mainly aim for vasodilation, improvement in microcirculation, and restoration of the metabolic processes occurring in the cerebral tissue [4,5]. However, the effectiveness of the drugs used in such methods is currently limited [11,18]. Therefore, conventional treatment methods are usually effective for small focal strokes with insignificant foci of neurodegeneration [5,18], and for the extensive ischemic lesions, these treatment methods prove to be inadequate [4,7,18].

Treatment with reconstructive and interventional surgeries is aimed at improving the main cerebral blood supply, and these methods are usually performed on large arterial branches. However, while these surgical methods have worked suitably on brachiocephalic arteries [19,20,21,22,23,24,25], these are difficult to perform in the case of distal intracranial atherosclerotic lesions due to the small diameter and the intracerebral location of the vessels [26,27].

The methods of transcatheter intra-arterial thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy are also aimed at restoring the main cerebral blood supply, although it is advisable to perform these only in the acute cases of ischemic stroke [28,29,30].

The current scenario of treatment of the consequences of ischemic stroke warrants the development of novel, comprehensive, and effective methods aimed at improving the various pathological processes occurring during the development of the condition.

A highly promising approach in this regard is the application of laser energy in the treatment of ischemic stroke [17,18].

One of the methods that involve laser energy application is photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), which utilizes laser with low output power and red or near-infrared wavelengths (NIR) (spectral range 600-1100 nm) [17,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. PBMT involves the transcranial, intranasal, and transcatheter intracerebral methods of exposure.

Transcranial PBMT involves the practical non-invasive external introduction of laser energy into the brain through the bones of the skull [17,31,32].

In the intranasal PBMT, laser energy is introduced into the brain through the nasal cavities using non-invasive or slightly invasive techniques [33,40]. These two methods are often used together [33]. The third method of transcatheter intracerebral PBMT involves introducing the laser energy directly into the brain via the vascular system with minimum invasiveness, thereby preventing the loss of laser energy that occurs when it passes through the skin and the bones of the skull [4,5,14,18,40,43].

In various experimental studies and clinical applications, these three methods have demonstrated high efficiency in the treatment of various cerebral disorders and the consequences of ischemic stroke [5,31,32,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44].

The present research is focused on comparing the effectiveness of the intracerebral transcatheter laser photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with the conservative methods in the treatment of the consequences of ischemic stroke with distal atherosclerotic lesions of the intracerebral arteries.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Ethical Statement

All examinations, conservative treatment methods, and intracerebral transcatheter laser interventions conducted in the present research were approved by the Ethical Review Board (ERB) (Protocol No. 2 of 01-04-1996, Protocol No. 4 of 01-12-2002, and Protocol No. 12 of 03-26-2015). Consent of the included patients and their relatives was received in writing.

2.2 Patient Selection Criteria for Test and Control Groups

1. Consent of patients and their relatives for conducting the necessary examinations and treatments; 

2. Somatic condition of the patients allowing to conduct the necessary examinations and treatments; 

3. Patient's medical history of having a cerebral ischemic stroke. 

The present research examined the treatment of only those patients who had experienced an ischemic stroke with distal intracerebral atherosclerotic lesions in the period between 6 months and six years prior to receiving treatment.

Contraindications for the treatment in the patients of both test and control groups were pathologies such as severe disorders of the blood coagulation system and concomitant, infectious, or chronic diseases in acute stages.

2.3 Patient Examination Plan for Test and Control Groups

The patients underwent their first examination upon admission to the hospital and the subsequent one upon discharge [except for computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]. Later, the patients were examined after the treatment, in the first year, at 6 months (including CT and MRI) and then at 12-24 months (including CT and MRI).

The examination included:

1. assessment of any changes in the cerebral structure using CT and MRI scans [the examination was conducted in different independent laboratories]; 

2. assessment of daily-life activities based on functional evaluation using the Bartel Index (BI) [45];

3. assessment of the clinical severity of dementia using the Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR) [46];

4. the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to assess the cognitive functions [47];

5. various laboratory tests conducted in accordance with the criteria of interventional neuroangiology;

6. assessment of the cerebral blood flow and microcirculation using scintigraphy (SG);

7. assessment of cerebral perfusion blood supply using rheoencephalography (REG);

8. assessment of the intracerebral vascular and microcirculatory channel using cerebral multi-gated angiography (MUGA). The primary examination was conducted upon admission to the hospital, and the examination was repeated immediately after PBMT (for the test group patients) and then after an interval of 2-10 years after the therapy. In certain cases, MSCT angiography (MSCTA) or MR angiography (MRA) was also conducted.

A total of 836 patients with distal atherosclerotic lesions of the intracerebral arteries, whose medical history included ischemic strokes of a varying degree of severity, were selected. The age of the selected patients varied between 29 and 81 years (average age: 74.9 years). There were 593 men (70.93%) and 243 women (29.07%).

2.3.1 Test Group

1. 511 (61.12%) patients received the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT. 

2. 297 (58.12%) patients had experienced small focal strokes; 

3. 156 (30.53%) patients had experienced medium focal strokes; 

4. 58 (11.35%) patients had experienced macro focal strokes. 

2.3.2 Control Group

1. 325 (38.88%) patients received conservative treatment. 

2. 242 (74.46%) patients had experienced small focal strokes; 

3. 42 (12.92%) patients had experienced medium focal strokes; 

4. 41 (12.62%) patients had experienced macro focal strokes.

All patients in both test and control groups had a similar somatic state, severity, and size of the post-ischemic focus. The timing of the stroke was also the same for all patients.

The results of the initial examination of the patients in the test group and the control group are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Patient Examination Results.

2.4 Treatment Methods

2.4.1 Test Group

In the catheterization laboratories (cath labs), cerebral multi-gated angiography (MUGA) was conducted under the effect of local anesthesia, in accordance with the Seldinger technique, with transfemoral access in frontal and lateral projections. Using the digital program named “Angio Vision”, the intensity of the cerebral capillary blood supply was determined automatically [4,5,41,42,43,44].

The guiding catheters are introduced into the common, internal carotid arteries and intracerebral branches under fluoroscopic control [4]. A flexible laser fiber-optic instrument is passed coaxially through these catheters for PBMT. This instrument has a diameter of 25-100 micrometers and a perpendicularly polished distal end that is connected to the laser system [41,42,43,44]. The fiber-optic instrument is then made to reach the distal regions of the intracerebral arteries where laser irradiation has to be performed [41,42,43,44,48].

PBMT was conducted manually using the ULF-01 continuous helium-neon laser (“Anod” manufacturing company, the city of Bryansk, Russia) [43,48]. The following were the parameters of the intracerebral transcatheter laser exposure: wavelength - 632.8 nanometers; laser output power - 25-45 mW; fiber output power - 24-44 mW; treatment session duration - 1200-2400 s; ray spot diameter of the vessel - 1-2 mm; and average dose during the treatment - 29-106 J. The depth of laser energy penetration into the cerebral tissues achieved using the transcatheter intracerebral method was 20-40 mm. The interventions were performed on the affected side, as well as, prophylactically, on the contralateral side.

In order to achieve dynamic fluoroscopic control during the transcatheter interventions, a radiopaque substance (Omnipack 350) was administered, in small doses, periodically. After the endovascular treatment, repeated cerebral MUGA was performed using the Angio Vision digital program. This program automatically records the changes occurring in the vascular image in the corresponding phase of contrast in real-time [4,5,42]. The results reflect the state of the main cerebral blood supply and also the intensity of intracerebral angiogenesis and collateral and capillary revascularization [5,43,44,48]. If the blood supply is not restored completely after PBMT, the manipulation may be repeated. However, it was not required during the transcatheter interventions described in the present report.

After the completion of the intracerebral transcatheter laser PBMT, the patients received disaggregated, anticoagulant, vasodilating, antioxidant, and nootropic therapy, which is commonly accepted in interventional neuroangiology, including Aspirin, Heparin, non-direct anticoagulants, Pentoxifylline (100 mg), Complamin (150 mg), Inosine (200 mg), Nootropil (Piracetam, 1200 mg), or Gliatilin (1000 mg). Initially, the administration was intravenous, with a drop counter in the range of 10-15, while later, it was in the form of pills. The courses of the therapy were repeated twice a year.

The results of the treatment of the test group patients are illustrated with Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4.

Figure 1 Patient J., male, 41 years old, (BI 40). Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, macro focal ischemic stroke of the right hemisphere prior to and after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT. A MRA of the brain, in the initial days after stroke development: 1. Occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery; B After 6 months. Right internal carotid artery angiogram, arterial phase, prior to the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 2. Occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery; C Right internal carotid artery angiogram, arterial phase, after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 3. Pronounced collateral and capillary revascularization of the right hemisphere, with good peripheral blood flow; D MRA of the brain, 10 years after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 4. Preservation and progression of the pronounced collateral revascularization of the right hemisphere, with good peripheral blood flow (BI 100).

Figure 2  Same patient J., male, 41 years old, (BI 40). Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, macro focal ischemic stroke of the right hemisphere, prior to and after the transcatheter intracerebral PBMT. A MRI of the brain, the initial days after stroke development: 1. Formation of an extensive postischemia cyst in the right hemisphere; B After 6 months. CT of the brain prior to the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 2. Extensive postischemia cyst in the right hemisphere; C CT of the brain, 12 months after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 3. Significant reduction in the size of the postischemic cyst along with cerebral tissue regeneration (BI 95); D MRI of the brain, 10 years after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 4. Further diminishing of the postischemic cyst, with cerebral tissue regeneration; 5. Functioning branches of the right middle cerebral artery (BI 100).

Figure 3 Patient A., female, 58 years old, (BI 50). Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, macro focal ischemic stroke of the right hemisphere in the parietal-occipital region, prior to and after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT. A MRI of the brain, prior to the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 1. A huge post-ischemic cyst in the right parietal-occipital region of the right hemisphere; B Right internal carotid artery angiogram, arterial phase, prior to the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 2. Multiple occlusions of the distal branches of the right frontal cerebral artery; C Right internal carotid artery angiogram, arterial phase, after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 3. Stimulation of angiogenesis, marked collateral arterial and capillary revascularization in the right hemisphere; D MRI of the brain, 10 months after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 4. Significant reduction in the size of the post-ischemic cyst, with signs of cerebral tissue structure recovery (BI 95).

Figure 4 Patient H., female, 60 years old (BI 70). Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, ischemic medium focal stroke in the basin of the middle cerebral artery to the right, prior to and after the transcatheter intracerebral PBMT. A CT of the brain, prior to the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 1. Medium focal post-ischemic cyst in the right middle cerebral artery region. 2. Moderate expansion of the subarachnoid space; B Right internal carotid artery angiogram, arterial phase, prior to the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 3. Occlusion of the distal branches of the right middle cerebral artery; 4. Multi-focal stenosis of the intracranial branches; C Right internal carotid artery angiogram, arterial phase, after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 5. Stimulation of angiogenesis and collateral arterial and capillary revascularization in the right hemisphere; D CT of the brain, 12 months after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 6. Reduction in the size of the post-ischemic cyst, with signs of cerebral tissue structure recovery; 7. Subarachnoid space restoration (BI 90); E CT of the brain, six years after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: 8. The structure of the right hemisphere cerebral tissue was restored, with no signs of the residual effects of the post-ischemic cyst (BI 100); F MRA of the brain. six years after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT: the patency and lumen of the distal branches of the right internal carotid artery were completely preserved, with further progression of collateral revascularization (BI 100).

2.4.2 Control Group

Conservative treatment received by the control group patients included the drugs, regimens, and doses similar to those used for the test group patients. The patients received Aspirin, Heparin, non-direct anticoagulants, Pentoxifylline (100 mg), Complamin (150 mg), Inosine (200 mg), Nootropil (Piracetam, 1200 mg), or Gliatilin (1000 mg). Initially administered intravenously with a drop counter in the range of 10-15, and later administered as pills. Again, the courses of the therapy were repeated twice a year.

The results of the treatment of the control group patients are illustrated with Figure 5.

Figure 5 Patient G., male, 56 years old, (BI 40). Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, macro focal ischemic stroke of the left hemisphere, prior to and after the conservative treatment. A CT of the brain prior to receiving the conservative treatment: 1. Extensive post-ischemia cyst in the left hemisphere; B Left internal carotid artery angiogram, arterial phase, prior to receiving the conservative treatment: 2. Occlusion of the left frontal cerebral artery; С CT of the brain at 2 years after the commencement of the conservative treatment: 3. Extensive post-ischemia cyst in the left hemisphere retained the same size (BI 40).

2.5 Evaluation of the Clinical Results

The evaluation of the clinical results achieved after the treatment was conducted in the period between 1 and 10 years. The following were the evaluation criteria:

1. good clinical results - almost complete restoration of mental and motor functions and daily-life activities (BI 95-100 and MMSE 27-30);

2. satisfactory clinical results - incomplete restoration of mental and motor functions and daily-life activities (BI 85-90 and MMSE 25-27);

3. relatively satisfactory clinical results - partial restoration of mental and motor functions and daily-life activities (BI below 80 and MMSE below 25);

4. relatively positive clinical results - absence of negative dynamics with little restoration of mental and motor functions and daily-life activities.

2.6 Statistical Analysis

The result data were processed statistically using the Statsoft Statistica 10 software (StatSoft Inc., USA).

3. Results

3.1 Test Group

3.1.1 Immediate Results

After conducting the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT, 508 (99.41%) patients exhibited positive MUGA data results: marked angiogenesis along with collateral and capillary revascularization (Figure 1 A-C; Figure 3 B, C; Figure 4 B, C).

No complications associated with these interventions were observed.

3.1.2 Early Period (1-6 months) after the Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser PBMT

1. clinically, all 511 (100%) patients exhibited improvement in the motor and mental functions;

2. SG and REG results demonstrated improved blood flow and volumetric pulse blood supply in the brain for all 511 (100%) cases;

3. CT and MRI results of all 511 (100%) cases demonstrated decreasing total involutive brain changes and a tendency for the narrowing of the subarachnoid space.

3.1.3 Later Period (1-10 years) after the Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser PBMT

1. In the first to second- year after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT, all 511 (100%) patients exhibited the maximum positive clinical results along with the restoration of the motor and mental functions. Moreover, this effect was maintained during the entire period of observation in all 511 (100%) cases, with no negative dynamics observed (Table 2);

2. SG and REG: -the positive result obtained in the early period was maintained in all 511 (100%) cases during the first to second year, and further continued during the entire period of observation;

CT and MRI results during the evaluations conducted in 1-2 years after the treatment revealed the following:

1. decrease in the general involutive brain changes in 489 (95.69%) cases (Figure 2 A-C; Figure 3 A, D; Figure 4 A, D);

2. narrowing of the Sylvian fissures in 473 (92.56%) cases; 

3. signs of decreasing non-occlusal hydrocephalus in 326 (63.80%) cases;

4. decrease in the size of the post-ischemic cysts in 475 (92.95%) cases (Figure 2 A-C; Figure 3 A, D; Figure 4 A, D), among which- 54 (11.37%) cases presented a decrease of 10%-15%,- 163 (34.32%) cases presented a decrease of 15%-25%, and 258 (54.32%) cases presented a decrease of >25%. In the examination period beyond 2 years, positive dynamics indicating further restoration of the cerebral tissue were observed in the entire observation period (Figure 2 D, Figure 4 E).

MUGA, MSCTA, and MRA: In the period from two to 10 years after the treatment, among the 193 (37.78%) patients who underwent re-examination, signs of angiogenesis and collateral and capillary revascularization persisted in 191 (98.96%) cases (Figure 1 D, Figure 4 F).

Table 2 Clinical results 1-10 years after the treatment for the test group and control group patients.

3.1.4 Long-Term Clinical Results

Long-term clinical results after the treatment obtained for the test group are presented in Table 2.

3.2 Control Group

3.2.1 Immediate Results

After the first course of the conservative treatment, none of the 325 (100%) patients exhibited negative dynamics, 74 (22.77%) patients exhibited stabilization of their condition, and 251 (77.23%) patients exhibited a few positive dynamics manifesting as a moderate decrease in motor and mental disorders.

3.2.2 Early Period (1-6 months) after the Conservative Treatment

1. Clinically, improvement in the motor and mental functions and increase in the BI were observed in 229 (94.63%) patients after small focal strokes, 11 (26.19%) patients after medium focal strokes, and 7 (17.07%) patients after macro-focal strokes;

2. SG and REG: Improvement in the blood flow and volumetric pulse blood supply in the brain were observed in 194 (80.17%) patients after small focal strokes, 14 (33.33%) patients after medium focal strokes, and 8 (19.51%) patients after macro-focal strokes, although these improvements were not stable;

3. CT and MRI: There was no evidence of any significant decrease in the involutive changes in the brain.

3.2.3 Long-Term Period (1-10 years) after the Conservative Treatment

1. In the duration of 1-2 years after the treatment, improvement in the motor and mental functions was observed in 122 (50.41%) patients after small focal strokes, 12 (28.57%) patients after medium focal strokes, and 6 (14.63%) patients after macro-focal strokes. The remaining patients exhibited stabilization of their condition. In a further distant period, all patients exhibited a decrease in the BI and MMSE (Table 2);

2. SG and REG: In the duration of 1-2 years after treatment, the obtained results decreased in 108 (55.67%) patients among the 194 patients with small focal strokes, six (42.86%) patients among the 14 patients with medium focal strokes, and three (37.50%) patients among the eight patients with macro-focal strokes. The remaining patients exhibited instability of their condition. Afterward, all the patients demonstrated a downward trend.

CT and MRI scans conducted in the period of 1-2 years after the treatment revealed the following:

1. no significant decrease in the involutive changes occurring in the brain tissue;

2. no decrease in the volume of post-ischemic cysts after experiencing the stroke (Figure 5A and 5 C);

3. in the observation period beyond 2 years, the involutive changes in the brain, the expansion of the Sylvian fissures, the signs of non-occlusal hydrocephalus, and the vascular disorders had intensified in 235 (72.31%) patients.

3.2.4 Long-Term Clinical Results

The long-term clinical results obtained after the treatment for the control group are listed in Table 2.

4. Discussion

The present research considered the possibility of treating the consequences of ischemic strokes with the complication of distal intracerebral atherosclerotic lesions. The patients included in the test and control group had similar sizes, conditions, and severity of ischemic strokes.

In the control group, the SG, REG, CT, and MRI analyses conducted at different time points after the treatment confirmed that the modern therapeutic drugs used in the conservative treatment of stroke are unable to induce marked cerebral revascularization, restoration of the metabolism in neurons, or tissue regeneration [7,11,18]. As a consequence, when the patients who had experienced an ischemic stroke of a varying degree of severity were analyzed, good and satisfactory levels of clinical results were obtained in a limited number of patients with small and medium focal ischemic strokes and these results were not stable (Figure 5A and 5C; Table 2).

In the test group, transcatheter intracerebral PBMT was conducted to treat the patients after an ischemic stroke. The intervention was performed using catheters and flexible fiber-optic instruments with a diameter of 25-100 micrometers that were capable of introducing laser energy with a low output power into distal vascular sections. The insignificant thickness of these fiber-optic instruments allowed operating on the intracerebral vessels with a small diameter, rendering this method notably different from the other interventions.

In transcatheter intracerebral PBMT, the energy of the helium-neon laser extends to 20-40 mm [5,41,48]. Therefore, the impact of the laser energy exposure reaches the vascular wall, the blood, and considerably large areas of the cerebral tissue. This impact of the laser energy stimulates angiogenesis and causes rapid opening of arterial collateral and capillary beds, which leads to tissue revascularization in both ischemic and surrounding regions (Figure 1 A-C; Figure 3B, C; Figure 4 B, C). In addition, the impact of the helium-neon laser on the cerebral tissues restores the metabolic processes and stimulates neurogenesis and tissue regeneration. Since atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that affects, to varying degrees, the entire cerebral arterial bed, the transcatheter intracerebral PBMT was performed from two directions [4,5,44,48]. Laser irradiation of the region where the stroke had developed and the contralateral side region improved blood circulation and tissue metabolism in the two hemispheres of the brain which facilitated rapid physiology-based rehabilitation of the patients. Repeated SG, REG, and angiographic examinations in the distant period after the transcatheter intracerebral PBMT revealed that pronounced collateral and capillary revascularization persisted for ten years or beyond (Figure 1 D and Figure 4 F).

The CT and MRI scans revealed that after the transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT, the size of the post-ischemic cyst had decreased, which indicated the recovery of tissue metabolism and development of the regenerative processes in the cerebral tissue (Figure 2B-D; Figure 3 A, D; Figure 4 A, D, E).

In the test group, the processes of angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and regeneration of the cerebral tissue were stimulated in the patients of all age groups, irrespective of the severity or timing of the ischemic stroke and the size of the post-ischemic cyst.

In the test group, good and satisfactory levels of clinical results along with the restoration of motor, mental, and cognitive functions were observed in an overwhelming number of patients with small focal strokes and medium focal strokes, and also in most of the patients with macro-focal strokes (Table 2).

The data obtained in the present research confirm the findings of several researchers who have previously demonstrated by conducting different types of PBMT that the use of laser with a low output power in the red spectral region exerts a complex and multicomponent impact on the brain tissue [4,14,17,18], and this impact of the laser energy stimulates angiogenesis and neurogenesis, which leads to rapid and complete rehabilitation of the patients [5,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,40,41,48].

In the case of an ischemic stroke, disorders in the motor functions are associated with, in addition to brain damage, the developed disorders of the peripheral nervous and muscular systems, which consequently complicates the rehabilitation of the patients. In this regard, it is noteworthy that after conducting the transcatheter intracerebral PBMT, the cognitive and mental functions were restored faster compared to the motor functions, with the latter usually requiring additional treatment.

5. Conclusions

Transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT using a laser with a low output power in the red spectral region represents a pathogenetically and physiologically substantiated, effective method of treating the consequences of ischemic strokes.

The application of this method in patients with ischemic strokes of varying degrees of severity resulting from distal forms of intracerebral atherosclerotic lesions enables the restoration of their daily-life activities and cognitive and mental functions, thereby enabling the patients to be completely active in life once again.

In comparison to PBMT, the conservative methods for treating ischemic strokes did not produce the necessary effective results.

Author Contributions

The author did all the research work of this study.

Funding

The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Competing Interests

The author has declared that no competing interests exist.