by Laura Alonso Canal  , Inmaculada Carreras Sáez  , María Concepción Fournier del Castill  , Julia Asensio Antón  , Inmaculada de Prada Vicente  , Carlos Isasi Zaragoza  , Javier Tejada Gallego  and María José Martínez-Gómez

Received: 17 December 2018;  Published: 03 April 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1902024

Aim: The association between Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and celiac disease has already been established. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), as well as celiac disease, has been associated with neuro-psychiatric disorders. Our objective is to assess if a proportion of pediatric ADHD patients are affected by NCGS and could, consequently, benefit from a gluten-free diet. Material and methods: Pilot study of 6 ADHD patients. Personal or family history suggestive of NCGS was investigated. The Conn [...]

by Minako Ito  , Tanakorn Srirat  , Toshihiro Nakamura  , Kyoko Komai  and Akihiko Yoshimura

Received: 13 January 2019;  Published: 27 March 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1901023

Inflammation and immune responses after stroke including ischemic cerebral infarction play pivotal roles in the pathology, resolution of inflammation, and neurological recovery. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are the cells responsible for immune tolerance, usually activated by secondary lymphatic tissues, which subsequently regulate effector T cell activation and dendritic cell activation. Recently, Tregs that are present in tissues, called tissue Tregs, have been shown to exhibit tissue-specific functions in addition t [...]

by Tina Zhou  , Sara Khan  , Ron Firestein  , Peter Downie  and Jason E Cain

Received: 29 November 2018;  Published: 12 March 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1901022

Pediatric brain tumors account for approximately 25% of all cancers in children and are currently the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the pediatric population with an estimated incidence of 5.14 cases per 100,000 persons [1]. Up to 10-15% of all pediatric brain tumors arise in the brainstem, with the majority of these classified as the diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) subtype [2]. The outcome of children with DIPG remains dismal with a median survival of

by Alberto Feletti  , Elena Bianchini  , Anna De Gaetano  , Lara Gibellini  , Sara De Biasi  , Giacomo Pavesi  , Anna Vittoria Mattioli  , Milena Nasi  , Andrea Cossarizza  and Marcello Pinti

Received: 26 November 2018;  Published: 04 March 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1901021

Hemangioblastomas (HBs) are benign, highly vascularized tumors of the central nervous system. About 75% of HBs are sporadic, while 25% are associated with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. HBs consist of two main components, a rich capillary network composed of vascular endothelia and pericytes, within large vacuolated stromal cells, which harbor the genetic defect. The mechanisms through which VHL gene product (pVHL) causes HB is not completely clear. Wild type pVHL is involved in the response to hypoxia, as it tar [...]

by Pilar López-Larrubia  , Nuria Arias-Ramos  and Jesús Pacheco-Torres

Received: 11 November 2018;  Published: 30 January 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1901020

Background: Despite the advances in multimodal therapeutic options, glioblastoma (GBM), the most frequent and aggressive of all astrocytomas, remains with a median survival of 15 months. It is reported a direct correlation between GBM hypoxia and a higher aggressiveness, poor prognosis and greater resistance to different treatments. Because of the intratumoral and interindividual heterogeneity, it is not possible to predict the hypoxia degree considering physiopathological parameters or conventional neuroimaging st [...]

by Kirsten Greenlaw  and Jai Jai Shiva Shankar

Received: 07 October 2018;  Published: 13 January 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1901019

Background and Purpose: Perfusion imaging, mainly MR perfusion (MRP), is performed frequently for brain tumor imaging. CT perfusion (CTP) is less studied as a method for characterizing brain tumors. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of CTP perfusion parameters in evaluating brain tumors and to compare it with MRP measures in the same patient population. Methods: Patients underwent CTP and MRP imaging prospectively. Images were processed with vendor-provided and vendor-neutral software. Fou [...]

by Rahul Abhyankar  , Divya B. Mella  and Edward Pan

Received: 12 November 2018;  Published: 04 January 2019;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1901018

Objective: To report a unique case of cerebellopontine angle glioblastoma with concurrent spinal cord involvement. Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignancy of the central nervous system (CNS), comprising 46.6% of all CNS malignancies. By anatomic location, cerebellopontine angle (CPA) GBMs are exceedingly rare. To our knowledge, the following case represents the tenth reported case of CPA GBM and the first with a corresponding spinal cord tumor on presentation. Methods: Retrospective ch [...]

by Melissa A. Maloney  , Katherine E. Lewinter  , Sally L. Davidson Ward  and Iris A. Perez

Received: 13 November 2018;  Published: 16 December 2018;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1804017

Sleep complaints are common in pediatric patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors. These problems may result from disruption of normal homeostatic, circadian, neuroendocrine, and cardiorespiratory pathways and vary by tumor location and treatment received. Children with tumors within the hypothalamus and surrounding regions are prone to excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep-related breathing disorders, especially those involving abnormal control of breathing, may occur in patients with tumors of the brainste [...]

by Michele Bisceglia  , Stefano Pizzolitto  , Tullio Parracino  , Giovanna De Maglio  , Elena Minenna  , Serena D’Agostini  and Carlos A. Galliani

Received: 07 October 2018;  Published: 14 November 2018;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1804016

Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) is a nuclear polypeptide, tissue-restricted member of the homeobox protein family, that when attached to DNA plays a crucial role in regulating the expression of select genes during early embryonic development of the thyroid, lung, and brain. As often happens, the initial enthusiasm for the diagnostic value of TTF-1 as a selective immunohistochemical marker of lung and thyroid tumors began to dwindle, its wider use led its demonstration in tumors arising from other organs. T [...]

by Richard A. Prayson

Received: 04 September 2018;  Published: 05 November 2018;  doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1804015

Along with focal cortical dysplasia, hippocampal sclerosis and remote infarcts, tumors are a well known cause of medically intractable or pharmacoresistent epilepsy [1-3]. Most of the tumors encountered in this setting represent low grade glioneuronal neoplasms, particularly gangliogliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors. In 2005, Wang and colleagues reported on 8 tumors which they designated as so-called “monomorphous angiocentric gliomas” [4]. The title of their paper suggested that these tumors we [...]